Ms. Que Banh<p><a href="https://beige.party/tags/Free" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Free</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/OpenAccess" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>OpenAccess</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Research" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Research</span></a> Article.</p><p>Civilisation under Colonial Conditions: Development, Difference and Violence in Swahili Poems, 1888–1907.</p><p>ABSTRACT<br>For a global history of development, Swahili <a href="https://beige.party/tags/poems" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>poems</span></a> from the <a href="https://beige.party/tags/German" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>German</span></a> colonial period are valuable sources as they help to question the diffusionist view of development discourses as colonial import. This article analyses how concepts of development ( <a href="https://beige.party/tags/maendeleo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>maendeleo</span></a> ) and civilisation ( <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ustaarabu" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ustaarabu</span></a> ) figured in poems written by Swahili authors between 1888 and 1907. Going beyond a reading of these texts as pro- or anti-colonial, it shows the importance poets attached to urban infrastructural improvement. Poems were also informed by the self-image of the superior, urban, <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Muslim" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Muslim</span></a> strata of coastal society ( <a href="https://beige.party/tags/waungwana" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>waungwana</span></a> ) in contrast to inferior <a href="https://beige.party/tags/nonMuslim" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>nonMuslim</span></a> inland societies ( <a href="https://beige.party/tags/washenzi" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>washenzi</span></a> ). Several poets suggested that inland societies should be disciplined, yet differences to coastal Swahili society were usually not couched in terms of temporality nor in terms of a civilising mission. Poets had to come to terms, however, with new power relations as a result of German conquest. While some authors openly criticised colonial violence, others also embraced colonial interventions in infrastructural and economic aspects – but still expressed nostalgia for the past. In sum, the poems constitute a transitional space in Swahili discourses on development, showing that these were not merely colonial imports but grew from multiple roots.</p><p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2022.2027231#abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10</span><span class="invisible">80/13696815.2022.2027231#abstract</span></a></p><p><a href="https://beige.party/tags/Education" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Education</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/GlobalSouth" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalSouth</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Africa" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Africa</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Decolonization" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Decolonization</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/DecolonialLearning" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>DecolonialLearning</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Swahili" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Swahili</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Poetry" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Poetry</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Colonialism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Colonialism</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/GlobalHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>GlobalHistory</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/WorldHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>WorldHistory</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AfricanHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AfricanHistory</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Poets" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Poets</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/CulturalAnthropology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>CulturalAnthropology</span></a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/HumanCivilization" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HumanCivilization</span></a></p>