Today, in 1916, Ireland’s single most famous challenge to centuries of British imperialism began, the Easter Rising.
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Today in Labor History April 24, 1916: The Easter rising began in Dublin. Irish rebels, led by James Connolly and Patrick Pearce, attempted to end British rule and create an independent Ireland. The armed uprising lasted six days. Men and women participated. 485 people died in the fighting, including 143 British soldiers and cops. The rest were mostly Irish civilians. The British ultimately prevailed. They took 3,500 prisoners and sent 1,800 to internment camps. They also executed sixteen of the Rising’s leaders, sparking outrage among the Irish public.
James Connolly was an Irish republican, socialist and union leader. Prior to the Easter Rising, he lived in Scotland and participated in Scottish socialist organizations. After that, he emigrated to the U.S., where he joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York. In Ireland, he was a leader of the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union and participated in the Dublin lock-out, one of the largest and most severe labor disputes in Irish history.
The Easter Rising planned for 22 April 1916 (Easter Saturday) was postponed for two days. The capture of Roger Casement and the scuttling of the Aud which was transporting an estimated 20,000 rifles were some of the reasons for the delay.
Since it's Easter weekend, here's a collection of documents marking previous anniversaries of the 1916 #EasterRising.
Grace Evelyn Gifford Plunkett was born on 4th March 1888. She was an Irish artist and cartoonist who was active in the Republican movement. She married her fiancé Joseph Plunkett in Kilmainham Gaol only a few hours before he was executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising.
The first performance of Seán O'Casey's the Plough and the Stars took place at the Abbey theatre on 8 February 1926. The play was well received on its opening night. But on subsequent nights audience unrest began and on 11 February Cumann na mBan and Sinn Féin members rioted at perceived insults to the men who had died during the Rising.
Today in Labor History January 4, 1909: James Larkin founded the ITGWU (Irish Transport and General Workers Union) on this date in Dublin. Many of the original members of the ITGWU came from the socialist movement or from the IWW. Their logo was the Red Hand of Ulster. They were at the center of the syndicalist-led Dublin Lockout in 1913, in which 2 people died and hundreds were injured (mostly police). “September 1913,” one of the most famous of W. B. Yeats' poems, was published during the lock-out. After Larkin left for the U.S. in 1914, James Connolly led the ITGWU until his execution in 1916 for his leadership role in the Easter Rising. Connolly was a founding member of the IWW in the U.S. in 1905.
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Today in Labor History December 28, 1918: Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway prison, became the first woman to be elected Member of Parliament (MP) to the British House of Commons. She was an Irish revolutionary, suffragist and socialist, who fought in the Easter Rising in 1916, when Irish republicans attempted to end British rule and establish an Irish Republic. Originally, they had sentenced her to death for her role in the Rising. However, they commuted her sentence to life imprisonment because she was a woman. During the Rising, she designed the Citizen Army uniform, composed its anthem, and fought in St Stephen's Green, where she shot a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Police.
On 24 December 1916 the 1,800 Irish republican prisoners interned at the Frongoch internment camp, Merionethshire, Wales, including Michael Collins, were released. Later the camp became known as ollscoil na réabhlóide, the "University of Revolution".
Francis Skeffington was born in Dublin on 23 December 1878. He is now principally remembered as the victim of a British war crime during the Easter 1916 rising. He was also the real-life model for a character in James Joyce’s novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. He was a friend and schoolmate of Joyce. He married Hanna Sheehy in 1903, whose own surname he adopted as part of his name to become Sheehy-Skeffington.
Grace Evelyn Gifford Plunkett died on 13 December 1955. She was an Irish artist and cartoonist who was active in the Republican movement. She married her fiancé Joseph Plunkett in Kilmainham Gaol only a few hours before he was executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising.
Margaret Skinnider died in Dublin on 10 October 1971. She was a revolutionary and feminist who fought during the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin as a sniper, among other roles, and was the only female wounded in the action.
She argued that, as women were equal with men under the Irish Republic, they had an equal right to risk their lives in the fight for independence.
‘Scotland is my home, but Ireland my country.’ - Margaret Skinnider
... his investigations of human rights abuses in the rubber industry in Peru. He was arrested by the British in April 1916 on charges of high treason, sabotage and espionage against the Crown and executed by hanging at Pentonville Prison on 3 August 1916. 2/2
Roger David Casement (Ruairí Dáithí Mac Easmainn) was born on 1 September 1864 in Dublin. He worked for the British Foreign Office as a diplomat, becoming known as a humanitarian activist, and later as a poet and Easter Rising leader. Described as the "father of twentieth-century human rights investigations", he was honoured in 1905 for the Casement Report on the Congo and knighted in 1911 for ..1/2
Rosie Hackett was born on 25 July 1893 in Dublin. She was a nationalist, a trade unionist and a workers' rights activist. She was only 18 when she led workers at Jacob's Biscuits to strike for better conditions. She went to form the Irish Women Worker's Union with Delia Larkin, Jim Larkin's sister. She was a nurse during the Easter.
She died at the age of 59 of complications after two appendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery in the days before antibiotics.
She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be".
She was refused a state funeral by the Free State government. 2/2
He opposed British rule in Ireland, and was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, commanding the Irish Citizen Army throughout. Following the defeat of the Easter Rising and the arrest of the majority of its leaders, he was taken to Kilmainham Gaol and executed by firing squad for his part in its proceedings. 2/2
James Connolly (Séamas Ó Conghaile) was born on 5th June 1868 to Irish parents in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, Connolly left school for working life at the age of 11, and became involved in socialist politics in the 1880s. 1/2
She argued that, as women were equal with men under the Irish Republic, they had an equal right to risk their lives in the fight for independence.
‘Scotland is my home, but Ireland my country.’ Margaret Skinnider 2/2
